復習

Lesson 28 — ながら · し · ています (習慣しゅうかん)

BOOK II · 初級 II

L28 · ながら · し

REF ながら · し · ています (習慣しゅうかん)

1. 〜ながら — doing two things at once

Formation: ます-stem + ながら

Two rules: (1) both actions must have the same subject; (2) the main action comes last.

勉強べんきょうしながらおとらくきます」flips which is primary.

Long-term parallel activity

— works while studying (over a period, not simultaneously in the moment).

2. 〜し、〜し — listing reasons

Formation: plain form + し

TypeFormExample
verbplain
い-adjplain
な-adj
noun

し implies "and there are other reasons besides". も frequently replaces は/が in the し-clauses to stack them.

A single し also works: 「時間じかんもないし、きません。」

3. Habitual 〜ています

Repeated, customary action — distinct from the in-progress use in L14 and the resulting-state use in L15/L29.

4. Connectors

WordFunctionExample
and moreover (adds a reason)
and so (result)
Set expressions会話かいわ

Key vocabulary
えらびますかよいますつづけます貯金ちょきんしますふとりますやせますおぼえますいのりますうまいまじめ熱心ねっしんえらいちょうどいい景気けいきあじ性格せいかく新聞しんぶんしゃそれにそれでいつも
練習 6 checks
Q1 formation

'I study while listening to music.'

ます-stem + ながら: き+ながら
Q2 structure

In 〜ながら, which action is the MAIN one?

Main action comes last; ながら-clause is secondary
Q3 long-term use

'He works while studying at university.' (long-term)

ながら also covers parallel long-term situations
Q4 listing reasons

'This shop: the food's good AND it's cheap, so I come often.'

plain + し、plain + し、+ conclusion; も stacks the reasons
Q5 な-adj + し

し with a な-adj: 'He's kind AND handsome...'

な-adj keeps だ before し:親切しんせつだし
Q6 habitual

'I jog every morning.' (habit, ongoing custom)

Repeated custom → しています

みんなの日本にっぽん · Lesson 28