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L28 · ながら · し
FOR TEACHERS ≈35 min to teach · 18 slides · 6 checks 2 min a slide, 1.5 a check. An estimate, not a lesson plan.
Words with a dotted underline have meanings — tap one. So does the big word on every drill card.
REF ながら · し · ています (習慣) ›
1. 〜ながら — doing two things at once
Formation: ます-stem + ながら
音楽を聞きながら、勉強します。
Two rules: (1) both actions must have the same subject; (2) the main action comes last.
「勉強しながら音楽を聞きます」flips which is primary.
Long-term parallel activity
働きながら、大学で勉強しています。 — works while studying (over a period, not simultaneously in the moment).
2. 〜し、〜し — listing reasons
Formation: plain form + し
| Type | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| verb | plain | よく働くし |
| い-adj | plain | おいしいし |
| な-adj | 〜だし | 親切だし |
| noun | 〜だし | 日曜日だし |
この店は、料理もおいしいし、値段も安いし、よく来ます。
し implies "and there are other reasons besides". も frequently replaces は/が in the し-clauses to stack them.
A single し also works: 「時間もないし、行きません。」
3. Habitual 〜ています
毎朝ジョギングをしています。
毎日日記を書いています。
Repeated, customary action — distinct from the in-progress use in L14 and the resulting-state use in L15/L29.
4. Connectors
| Word | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| それに | and moreover (adds a reason) | 安いです。それに、おいしいです |
| それで | and so (result) | 道が込んでいました。それで、遅れました |
Set expressions会話
どうしてですか。— 〜し、〜し…
それはいいですね。
頑張ってください。
〜ながら〜ています。
Key vocabulary
詳説 In depth — grammar notes ›
〜ながら — one person, two actions at once
Take the ます-form, drop ます, add ながら. The verb that carries the tense, the politeness and the negation is always the second one — ながら itself never changes shape.
| ます-form | ながら-form | Whole sentence |
|---|---|---|
| 聞きます | 聞きながら | 音楽を聞きながら勉強します |
| 見ます | 見ながら | 地図を見ながら歩きました |
| 食べます | 食べながら | ご飯を食べながらテレビを見ないでください |
| します | しながら | メモしながら話を聞きます |
The two actions must belong to the same person. 父が新聞を読みながら、母が料理します ✕ — two subjects, so ながら is impossible. Use 〜て、 or a time clause instead.
Which verb goes in front?
The ながら clause is the background, the second verb is the point of the sentence. Swapping them changes what you are claiming to be doing.
| Japanese | What it says |
|---|---|
| 音楽を聞きながら勉強します | I am studying. Music is on. |
| 勉強しながら音楽を聞きます | I am listening to music. Studying is going on. |
Because the main verb is second, 〜ながら inherits nothing: 見ながら食べました is past, 見ながら食べません is negative — ながら stays untouched in both.
Long-term parallel activity
With ています in the main clause, ながら stops meaning "at this instant" and means "over this period of my life".
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| 働きながら大学で勉強しています | I am studying at university while holding a job. |
| 日本語を習いながら、日本の会社で働いています | I work at a Japanese company while learning Japanese. |
〜し、〜し — piling up reasons
し attaches to the plain form and lists reasons or qualities that all point the same way. It is warmer and more conversational than から, and it hints that the list could go on.
| Type | Before し | Example |
|---|---|---|
| verb | plain form | 日本語が話せるし |
| い-adj | plain form | 部屋が広いし |
| な-adj | +だ | 交通が便利だし |
| noun | +だ | 休みは日曜日だし |
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| この部屋は広いし、明るいし、駅にも近いです | This room is big, it's bright, and it's near the station too. |
| きょうは日曜日だし、天気もいいし、どこかへ行きませんか | It's Sunday and the weather's nice — shall we go somewhere? |
| 時間もないし、お金もないし、旅行は無理です | I have no time and no money, so a trip is out of the question. |
One し is enough on its own. きょうは寒いし、うちにいます — "it's cold (for one thing), so I'll stay home". The single し implies there are other reasons you are not bothering to spell out, which is exactly why it sounds softer than から.
| から | し | |
|---|---|---|
| how many reasons | one | several, or one of several |
| tone | states the cause | accumulates, sounds chatty |
| position | 寒いから、行きません | 寒いし、行きません |
Fix the noun and な-adjective shapes first — they are where this pattern goes wrong. 便利し ✕ · 便利だし ○ · 学生し ✕ · 学生だし ○.
〜ています as a habit
You already know ています for an action in progress (L14). The same form covers something you do repeatedly, over a stretch of time — including the fact that you are employed somewhere.
| Use | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| in progress | 今、雨が降っています | It's raining right now. |
| habit | 毎朝ジョギングをしています | I jog every morning. |
| job | IMCで働いています | I work at IMC. |
| state (owning) | 車を持っています | I have a car. |
Adverbs of frequency are the tell: 毎日, 毎朝, いつも, 週に3回 next to ています means habit, never "at this moment".
Plain ます states a habit too. 毎朝ジョギングをします is correct, ordinary Japanese — it is the non-past you learned in L4, which covers habits and the future alike. The difference is framing, not right and wrong: ます reports the routine as a fact about you, ています presents it as a practice you are currently keeping up. Where ています is not optional is the state row: for the state as it is *now*, 持っています · 知っています · 住んでいます are the only forms — 車を持ちます means you will pick the car up.
But that is about the present, not about the verb. These verbs keep an ordinary ます for something scheduled or decided: 来年結婚します (getting married next year) · 4月から東京に住みます (moving to Tokyo in April). Only "I am married / I live there now" forces ています.
Connectors that carry the sentence forward
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| それで | so, that's why (result) | 道が込んでいました。それで遅れました。 |
| それに | on top of that (adds) | 安いです。それにおいしいです。 |
| それから | and then, and also | パンとたまご、それから牛乳を買いました。 |
| でも | but | 高いです。でも買います。 |
それで reports a result you did not choose; だから states your own conclusion. After an excuse, それで is the safe one.
Error table
| ✕ | ○ | Why |
|---|---|---|
| テレビを見ながら、勉強しましたながら | テレビを見ながら勉強しました | ながら appears once, on the background verb |
| 音楽を聞きますながら | 音楽を聞きながら | ながら takes the ます-stem, not ます |
| 静かし、安いです | 静かだし、安いです | な-adjective needs だ before し |
| 今、雨が降ります | 今、雨が降っています | 今 + an action under way needs ています |
| 車を持ちます（＝I own a car） | 車を持っています | owning is a state — 持ちます is "I'll carry it" |
Try translating
Cover the right column.
| English | Japanese |
|---|---|
| I listen to music while I cook. | 料理をしながら音楽を聞きます |
| Please don't walk while looking at your phone. | 携帯を見ながら歩かないでください |
| He works while going to university. | 彼は大学に通いながら働いています |
| This restaurant is cheap, the food is good, and it's close. | この店は安いし、おいしいし、近いです |
| It was raining, and I was tired too, so I went straight home. | 雨だったし、疲れていたし、すぐうちへ帰りました |
| I study Japanese for an hour every day. | 毎日1時間日本語を勉強しています |
'I study while listening to music.'
In 〜ながら, which action is the MAIN one?
'He works while studying at university.' (long-term)
'This shop: the food's good AND it's cheap, so I come often.'
し with a な-adj: 'He's kind AND handsome...'
'I jog every morning.' (habit, ongoing custom)
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みんなの日本語 · Lesson 28