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Lesson 28 — ながら · し · ています (習慣しゅうかん)

BOOK II · 初級 II みんなの日本語 · Mini no Nihongo

L28 · ながら · し

Name Date

REFながら · し · ています (習慣しゅうかん)

1. 〜ながら — doing two things at once

Formation: ます-stem + ながら

Two rules: (1) both actions must have the same subject; (2) the main action comes last.

「勉強べんきょうしながら音楽おんがくを聞ききます」flips which is primary.

Long-term parallel activity

— works while studying (over a period, not simultaneously in the moment).

2. 〜し、〜し — listing reasons

Formation: plain form + し

TypeFormExample
verbplain
い-adjplain
な-adj
noun

し implies "and there are other reasons besides". も frequently replaces は/が in the し-clauses to stack them.

A single し also works: 「時間じかんもないし、行いきません。」

3. Habitual 〜ています

Repeated, customary action — distinct from the in-progress use in L14 and the resulting-state use in L15/L29.

4. Connectors

WordFunctionExample
and moreover (adds a reason)
and so (result)

Set expressions会話かいわ

Key vocabulary

選えらびます通かよいます続つづけます貯金ちょきんします太ふとりますやせます覚おぼえます祈いのりますうまいまじめ熱心ねっしんえらいちょうどいい景気けいき味あじ性格せいかく新聞社しんぶんしゃそれにそれでいつも

詳説 In depth — grammar notes

〜ながら — one person, two actions at once

Take the ます-form, drop ます, add ながら. The verb that carries the tense, the politeness and the negation is always the second one — ながら itself never changes shape.

ます-formながら-formWhole sentence

The two actions must belong to the same person. ✕ — two subjects, so ながら is impossible. Use or a time clause instead.

Which verb goes in front?

The ながら clause is the background, the second verb is the point of the sentence. Swapping them changes what you are claiming to be doing.

JapaneseWhat it says
I am studying. Music is on.
I am listening to music. Studying is going on.

Because the main verb is second, inherits nothing: is past, is negative — ながら stays untouched in both.

Long-term parallel activity

With ています in the main clause, ながら stops meaning "at this instant" and means "over this period of my life".

JapaneseEnglish
I am studying at university while holding a job.
I work at a Japanese company while learning Japanese.

〜し、〜し — piling up reasons

し attaches to the plain form and lists reasons or qualities that all point the same way. It is warmer and more conversational than から, and it hints that the list could go on.

TypeBefore しExample
verbplain form
い-adjplain form
な-adj+だ
noun+だ
JapaneseEnglish
This room is big, it's bright, and it's near the station too.
It's Sunday and the weather's nice — shall we go somewhere?
I have no time and no money, so a trip is out of the question.

One し is enough on its own. — "it's cold (for one thing), so I'll stay home". The single し implies there are other reasons you are not bothering to spell out, which is exactly why it sounds softer than から.

からし
how many reasonsoneseveral, or one of several
tonestates the causeaccumulates, sounds chatty
position

Fix the noun and な-adjective shapes first — they are where this pattern goes wrong. ✕ · ○ · ✕ · ○.

〜ています as a habit

You already know ています for an action in progress (L14). The same form covers something you do repeatedly, over a stretch of time — including the fact that you are employed somewhere.

UseExampleEnglish
in progressIt's raining right now.
habitI jog every morning.
jobI work at IMC.
state (owning)I have a car.

Adverbs of frequency are the tell: , , , next to ています means habit, never "at this moment".

Plain ます states a habit too. is correct, ordinary Japanese — it is the non-past you learned in L4, which covers habits and the future alike. The difference is framing, not right and wrong: ます reports the routine as a fact about you, ています presents it as a practice you are currently keeping up. Where ています is not optional is the state row: for the state as it is *now*, are the only forms — means you will pick the car up.

But that is about the present, not about the verb. These verbs keep an ordinary ます for something scheduled or decided: (getting married next year) · (moving to Tokyo in April). Only "I am married / I live there now" forces ています.

Connectors that carry the sentence forward

WordMeaningExample
so, that's why (result)
on top of that (adds)
and then, and also
but

reports a result you did not choose; states your own conclusion. After an excuse, is the safe one.

Error table

✕○Why
ながら appears once, on the background verb
ながら takes the ます-stem, not ます
な-adjective needs だ before し
今 + an action under way needs ています
owning is a state — 持もちます is "I'll carry it"

Try translating

Cover the right column.

EnglishJapanese
I listen to music while I cook.
Please don't walk while looking at your phone.
He works while going to university.
This restaurant is cheap, the food is good, and it's close.
It was raining, and I was tired too, so I went straight home.
I study Japanese for an hour every day.

練習 Practice — 6 questions

  1. Q1 formation

    'I study while listening to music.'

    な
    が
    ら
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    B ます-stem + ながら: 聞きき+ながら
  2. Q2 structure

    In 〜ながら, which action is the MAIN one?

    な
    が
    ら
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    B Main action comes last; ながら-clause is secondary
  3. Q3 long-term use

    'He works while studying at university.' (long-term)

    な
    が
    ら
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    A ながら also covers parallel long-term situations
  4. Q4 listing reasons

    'This shop: the food's good AND it's cheap, so I come often.'

    〜
    し
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    A plain + し、plain + し、+ conclusion; も stacks the reasons
  5. Q5 な-adj + し

    し with a な-adj: 'He's kind AND handsome...'

    〜
    し
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    B な-adj keeps だ before し:親切しんせつだし
  6. Q6 habitual

    'I jog every morning.' (habit, ongoing custom)

    て
    い
    ま
    す
    1. A
    2. B
    3. C
    4. D
    B Repeated custom → しています

解答 Answer key

  1. Q1 B ます-stem + ながら: 聞きき+ながら
  2. Q2 B Main action comes last; ながら-clause is secondary
  3. Q3 A ながら also covers parallel long-term situations
  4. Q4 A plain + し、plain + し、+ conclusion; も stacks the reasons
  5. Q5 B な-adj keeps だ before し:親切しんせつだし
  6. Q6 B Repeated custom → しています