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Lesson 27 — 可能動詞かのうどうし(potential) · えます/こえます · しか

BOOK II · 初級 II

L27 · potential form

REF 可能動詞かのうどうし(potential) · えます/こえます · しか

Making the potential form

GroupRuleExample
1 godanu-row → e-row + る
2 ichidanる → られる
3 irreg.

All potential verbs conjugate as Group 2: ける → けない → けた → けなかった → けて.

Casual らき (べれる) is common in speech but MNN tests べられる.

Particle change: を → が

The object of a potential verb normally takes . Other particles (へ・に・で) stay unchanged: 「一人ひとりけます」

Potential vs ことができます (L18)

可能動詞かのうどうし〜ことができます
shorter, conversationallonger, more formal

えます / こえます vs potential

FormMeaningExample
comes into view naturally, no effort
able to see because circumstances allow
reaches the ear naturally
able to listen because you have access

えます/こえます describe things arriving at your senses unbidden. られます/けます describe anopportunity.

できます — additional uses

(came into being)

(is ready)

しか +否定ひてい — only / nothing but

/

だけしか〜ない
neutral "only"emphasizes insufficiency

しか always pairs with a negative verb, and it replaces は/が/を.

Contrastive

Both contrasted items take は, even when they'd normally take を or が.

Set expressions会話かいわ

Key vocabulary
えますこえますできますきますいます心配しんぱいしますペット動物どうぶつ景色けしき夜景やけいなみラッシュ建物たてものひらがなマンション入学にゅうがくはっきりしかだけ
練習 10 checks
Q1 G1 potential

Potential form of きます

godan: u→e + る/ます: ける
Q2 G1 potential

Potential form of みます

む→め: める
Q3 G2 potential

Potential form of べます

ichidan: る→られる (らき common in speech but MNN tests られる)
Q4 G3 potential

Potential form of します

する → できる
Q5 G3 potential

Potential form ofます

る→られる(こられる)
Q6 を→が shift

'I can speak Japanese.' — pick the particle.

日本 にっぽん
Object of potential verb takes が
Q7 見えます vs 見られます

'The sea is visible from the window.' (naturally in sight)

Comes into view without effort = えます
Q8 見えます vs 見られます

'This movie can be seen until Sunday.' (circumstances allow)

Possible due to circumstances = られます
Q9 しか + negative

'I only have 100 yen.' (nothing but)

しか ALWAYS pairs with negative
Q10 contrastive は

'I drink wine, but I don't drink beer.' — contrast は

Both contrasted items take は

みんなの日本にっぽん · Lesson 27