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Lesson 39 — て/で (原因げんいん) · ので

BOOK II · 初級 II

L39 · cause て/で/ので

REF て/で (原因げんいん) · ので

1. 〜て / 〜で — cause

TypeFormExample
verbて-form
い-adj
な-adj
noun
verb negative

Restriction: the main clause cannot be a request, invitation, command, or intention.

✕ → use から / ので.

Verbs and adjectives that pair naturally with て-cause

Emotion
Adjectives
Involuntary result

The cause clause describes something already settled, so it never contains 〜たい, ましょう, or a command.

2. 〜ので — reason (soft, objective)

Formation: plain form + ので; な-adj and noun take ので.

TypeFormExample
verbplain
い-adjplain
な-adj
noun

Polite-form ので (〜ますので) exists and is even more formal.

3. から vs ので

からので
subjective — asserts your reasoningobjective — presents it as natural circumstance
fine for strong claims, refusalssofter; better for excuses and requests to superiors

When apologizing or asking a favor of someone senior, ので is the safer choice — から can sound like you're arguing.

4. Three ways to give a reason

cause, no volition in the result
subjective reason, any result
soft objective reason, any result
Set expressions会話かいわ

Key vocabulary
まれますおどろきますよろこびますびっくりしますがっかりします安心あんしんしますこまりますたおれますみます複雑ふくざつ大変たいへん残念ざんねんこわうれしいかなしいさびしい事故じこ地震じしん火事かじ台風たいふう事件じけん操作そうさ説明せつめいおかげで
練習 8 checks
Q1 negative cause

'The bus didn't come, so I was late.'

なくて = cause. ないで = manner/instead (L34)
Q2 cause verb

'I heard the news and was surprised.'

て-form = cause, especially with emotion verbs
Q3 cause noun

'The building collapsed because of the earthquake.'

noun + で = cause
Q4 cause い-adj

'The explanation was difficult so I don't understand.'

い-adj: くて = cause
Q5 restriction

Which is WRONG with 〜て as cause?

て-cause can't precede requests/invitations/commands — use から/ので
Q6 reason verb

'I have an errand, so I'll excuse myself.' (polite, soft)

plain + ので = soft, objective reason
Q7 noun + ので

'Because it's Sunday, the roads are crowded.'

noun/な-adj → なので
Q8 nuance

から vs ので — which is softer and better toward a superior?

ので = objective/soft; から = subjective/assertive

みんなの日本にっぽん · Lesson 39